Explosive-engine.



Nb. 888,282. PATENTED MAY l9, 1908. H. 0. WESTLNDARP.

EXPLOSIVB ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED NOVA, 1903.

' 7 SHEBTSSHEET 1.

- H Inverwbot Henry O.Wesber1dary. OWA/MM PATENTED MAY 19, 1908.

7 SHEETS-SHEET lnverfibor .WesbendaPp,

WELT-1 esses 'HenryO W No, 888,282. PATBNTED MAY 19, 1908.

H. 0. WESTENDARP. EXPLOSIVE ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED NOV .4,1903.

7 SHEETS-SHEET a.

Wibnesses:

' 'He rfn y QWesbendaPp,

. agizww B W/jw No. 888,282. PATBNTED MAY 19, 1908. H. 0. WBSTBNDARP.

EXPLOSIVE ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED N014, 1903.

7 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

Wibffies ses: Inventor-n Herwhy O.\Nesbehdar*p.

. PATENTBD MAY 19, 1808. H..0. WESTBNDARP. EXPLOSIVE ENGINE.

APPLIUATION PILED'NOVA, 1903.

' 1 SHEETS-SHEET 8.

. lnvnbob' "Henry O.'\/\/esber 1ciar p.

By M

PATENTED MAY 19, 1908.

- H. 0. WESTENDARP.

BXPLOSIVB ENGINE; APPLICATION FILE ID NOV. 4, 1903.

7 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

,' lhvenhorz Henry O.Wes behdav-p, W man Wibnesses:

,HE-NRY OJWESTENDARP, or; SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS, AssiGNoR TO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

EXPLOSIVE-ENGINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application and November 4, 1903. Serial No. 179,771."

To all whom 'it may concern:

Be it known that I, HENRY O. WEs'rEN- DARP, a citizen of the United States, residing at Saugus, county of Essex, and State of Massachusetts, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Explosive-Engines, of whichthe followingis' a specification.-

This invention relates to a two-cycle explosive engine, preferably of the multiple cylinder type, and one designed for the use of kerosene vapor-mixture as the combustible. More articularly the invention relates to that c ass of engines which operate on the two-cycle princi le but, wherein. the cycle is somewhat inodi ed in respect to the explosion chamber being scavenged of its contents of spent gases by a charge 'of air, instead of a charge of mixture as in the usual two-cycle engine, and the fuel being injected-into the explosion chamber immediately after the scavenging operation, when the exhaust ports are closed, Whereu on it mixes with the air contained in the c amber and produces the propler explosive mixture.

T ermodynamically, the advantages of this modified cycle over the simple two-cycle principle reside in the fact that the mixture obtained in the explosion chamber, instead of being olluted by residual vitiating burned gases and being consequently of low calorific value, possesses a higher explosive and combustible quality by virtue of which a more powerful impulse is capable of being imparted to the piston and higher speed of the engine developed. Also on' the score of economy there is a saving in mixture, inas-i much as the fuel is admitted to the explosion chamber only after the exhaust ports are covered, so that it is impossible for fuel to escape through theisame, as is the case in the simple form of engine where the scavenging takes a place by the incoming charge of mixture while the exhaust ports are open.

Various engines have been proposed to carry out the two-cycle principle of operation on these modified lines, but t or less complicated construction, involving a multiplicity of parts and are otherwise mechanically objectionable. Characteristic among the features of these engines is that of emplo ing two, oppositely-acting pistons in v a sing e cylinder, between which the explosions of the combustible take place, and the done, and as the ey are of more energy of explosion-is imparted equally to the pistons. In this arrangement one piston controls the exhaust ports, and the admission ports are controlled by the other piston.

Another objectionable point in connection with these engines is the means-and method of effecting the scavenging of the explosive chamber. Air is pumped intoan auxiliary reservoir and compressed therein by any suitable means driven from the engine crankshaft, and at the time the air admission ports uncover, the charge of compressed air transfers into the explosive chamber by its own expansion force and expels the burned gases. In order, however, to place the air under compression, it is necessary that work be ower is derived from the crank-shaft to do t llS Work, the effect thereof is to correspondingly reduce the output of the engine.

In the present invention, the construction of the engine and the method of operation are such as to avoid. the objections above mentioned. The mechanical arrangement,

and design is much simplified in respect to using only a single power iston with its simple and less complicate crank connec' tion, and a closed headed cylinder with the three sets of ports: viz., ,the exhaust ports, the air-admission ports and the fuel-admission ports at the forward or open end of the cylinder which are covered and uncovered by the piston during its movement.

The use of compressed air in the scavenging operation is dispensed with, so that the ower which would otherwise be consumed in establishing the air ressure contributes to the total output of t e engine. According to the resent method the air-charges are transfred to the explosion chamber by mechanical displacement; that is tosay, an airump driven by the engine crank shaft de' ivers its charge directly to the explosion chamber after each explosion, when the power piston uncovers the exhaust and airadmisslon ports. The relation existing between the piston of the air-pump and the power piston is such that the discharge stroke of the air pump occurs at atime when the power piston is moving through the dead center, this corresponding to a period when the air-admission ports are uncovered a relatively long time, due to the slow rectilinear movement of the piston. By this arrange- Patented May 19, 1908.

. the crank chamber; Fig. 6

35 the inlet valves with the secondary shaft and ment the pump works against very slight back pressure except that due to the resistance offered by the passage between the airchamber .of the pump and the explosion chamber as the airpasses therethrough.

An im' ortant feature in the air;; sys'tem connected with the scavenging operation cons sts of having the air pump'so propordisplacement will tioned that its capacity or i which is capable 0 exceed that amount of,a1r

of passing in'tothe explosion chamber in the v interval between the uncovering and covering of, the air-admission ports, In other wordef'the power piston is so related to the air-admission ports as to close them before the; air pump finishes its delivery stroke The effective supply of air is thusinterrupt pletely agitate with the charge of air which as been previously supplied to the chamber during the main part of the discharge stroke of the pump.

-"According ,to two-cycle explosive engine, an absolutely .clean explosive chamber containing ure air is obtained after each explosion, an consequently the vapor fuel in the presence of the air provides a highly explosive and inflammable combustible; and furthermore, as the engine is of simple construction with.few

1 working parts, and therefore possessing a minimum of internal frict on, the conversion 1 of thermal energy into mechanicalworkis much larger than in the usual two-cycle en I 5 gine.

' The various novel features of construction and combination of" parts will be more fully described hereinafter and finallypointed out in the claims.

In the accompanying drawingswhich illustrate one embodiment of my invention, Figure 1 is a top plan view of my im roved twocycle kerosene vapor engine of tlie four-cylinder type; Fig. 2 is a side'elevation; Fig. 3

I is a front elevation with a part of one exhaust pipe broken away; Fig. 4 is a sectiontaken on one plane centrally through'one air of 1 cylinders and on a difl'er'ent plane t rough the vaporizer to lainly show ;the pipe con 30 nections therewit Fig. 5 is a central verti-- cal section of the engine on an enlarged scale and taken longitudinally through the vaporizer, the valve governing deviceand this systemofj operating a other, so as to enab is a detail view of see 2 cut-off mechanism parts shown insection and plan; Fig. 7 is a transverse section of one of the explosion cylinders showing the'exhaust ports and chamber and air admission ports; Fig. 8 is a plan view of the. suction chamber, situated centrally between thecyl- 'inders and indicating the air-carrying conump'cylinder is connected with its comp ementary explosion cylinder;.Figs. 9 and 10 aredetail duits by means of which each airsections'of portions of the 'air suction chamber L show ng the a r-carry ng conduits, taken; rea

Figs. 11 and 12.are enlar 'ed detail views of a, three-way valve in the'e lating the supply of exhaust gas heating chamber of the vaporizer.

In its simplest form, an engineto mbody 9 the my invention comprises a .single explosion cylinder closed at one end and provided with three-setsfof orts, theexhaust po'rts, flair"- admission an fuel-admission orts, and an air pump which is arranged in efinite operative relationto the power piston as to deliver sufficient of'its charge to scavenge the explo sion cylinder. previous to closure .ofthe air ower piston, and b whereupon the remainder of the air charge isdelivered through a by-pass leading to the" fuel-admission ports forfthe purpose of inadmission ports by the jecting through the'same and into the cylinder a charge of vapor fuel which is admitted into the bypass at the same time the air passes therethrough. In the arrangement that fulfills these conditions the pump is preferably driven from the crank shaft and the necessary lag be tween the strokes of the power piston and pump piston is obtained either by angularly displacing the cylinders, or by displacing the cranks with which the pistons connect, to the required angle to'give the proper sequence to the cycle.

p In the preferred construction, the engine is of 'the four-cylinder type, with the cylinders disposed in pairs, side by side, the cylinders aust pipes for rejgue .spectively on lines 9 9 and-1( 10,"Fig.8"; "and of each'pair. being angularly displaced at 90- degrees in a common plane, or opposite each e opposite pistons to connect on the same crank pin to erinit of a two-throw crank shaft being empl syed. The turning m'omlent of the crank shaft is there- 'fore equivalent to that of a single throw crank receiving 'a-powerimpulse each quarter of a revolution. I Referring to the drawings, 1 represents the cylinders of the engine and 2 the pistons.

These are both of the differential type and they cooperate to form explosive chambers A, B, Giand D, and air chambers a, b, c and d.

The differential cylinders are each composed of two castingsbolted together, one being an ex losive cy 'nder and the other a pump cy inder of relatively larger diameter. The explosion cylinder is designed for single actthe exhaust and admission orts are arran ed at the forward or open en to be control ed by the piston by which they are covered and uncovered. The pump cylinders are cast integral andconstitute the base of the en ine. T e engine, as a Whole, is supported by m ans of laterally-extending brackets or arms 4 on the um cylinder casting, which rest upon para el -beams 5. Centrally be low the pump cylinders and bolted thereto is a crank casing 6, in which is suitably mounted a two-throw crank shaft 7.

The differential pistons 2 are of the trunk type, having each an explosion or'power head 8 and an annular pum head 9. The istons are directly connecte with the cran shaft sion end of theexplosion cylinder.

by connecting rods 10. In order to permit of the rods ofeach pair of opposite lstons to aline, one rod of each pair is provic ed with a bifurcated shaft end and the other rod is mounted within the same according to common construction.

Each explosion cylinder is provided with exhaust ports 11, air-admission ports 12 and fueladmission ports 13. The exhaust ports are suitably proportioned and extend par-. tially around the cylinder, Figs. 4 and 7, at a point coinciding with .the end of the power stroke or forward dead center, and they communicate'with an exhaust chamber 14. The air-admission ports extend circumferentially between the ends of the set of exhaust ports, and these ports are arranged to uncover slightly after the exhaust ports begin to'un- 'cover, so as to permit the ressure of the explosive gases in the cylinc er to lower to atmospheric pressure. This enables the scavenging charge of air to be injected into the explosion chamber against a minimum pressure offered by the contents of the chamber. The fuel-admission ports are suitably remote from the exhaust ports toward the compres- The admission of fuel through these ports is controlled bv suitable valve mechanisms hereinafter to e described, which serve to prevent the expanding gases of explosion from escaping therethrough after these ports are uncovered by the piston on its power stroke. Separate passages 15 and 16 are provided in the wall of each explosive cylinder, which communicate respectively with the air-admission ports 12 and fuel-admission ports 13. These passages incline at an angle to the axis of the cylinder for the purpose of directing the injected air 7 charge and fuel charge against the head of the cylinder to thoroughly scavenge the explosion chamber in the first instance and to completely mix the vapor fuel with the air in the chamber in the latter instance. In order to facilitate the scavenging operation and the agitation of the fuel and air to produce the explosive mixture, a deflector 17 is provided with an adjustable stolp V on the ower head 8 of the piston which positively efiects the charges in the direction of the cylinder head.

Each' assage 15 forms a continuation of (u v v mdepen ent air-carrying conduits a, b, c

and (1, Figs. 4 and 8. These conduits connect the air-chambers a, b, c and d, respectively with the explosion chambers B, C, D and A. The air chambers have each a single port 18, Fig. 4, through which the air charge 1s drawn into the chamber and through which it is also discharged- In earh conduit a suction valve 19 is provided,-which is automatic in action so as to open under the influence of the suction stroke of the pump piston to permit the intake of air and to close upon reversal of stroke to permit the delivery of air throu h the conduit and air-admission ports to the explosion chamber.

The inlet side of the suction valve is in communication with a. suction-chamber 20. This chamber is formedin the pump cylinder casting centrally between the cylinders. The suction of atmospheric air into the chamber 20 takes place through an opening 21 at one end thereof, and by means of a'rotary disk valve 22 the uantity of air drawn into the chamber may e regulated. This is an important function in connection with governing the s eed of the engine, for the reason that according'to the degree that the intake of air intothe suction chamber is limited or varied relatively to the maximum, the scavenging charges of air correspondingly vary so that the scavenging of the explosion chamber of the burned gases will be more or less comlete, leaving a residue of the gases with which the fuel charges mix." The ex losive mixture thus obtained will be below t e nor.

mal explosive and caloric value and consequently the power im ulses will be comparatively weaker. In this manner the power impulses may be controlled within certain limits so as to adapt the engine to different a speed work. The-valve .22 may be regulated automatically by a suitable governing mechanism, but in the present instance a manually-actuated valve is employed. 1

The air carrying conduits are preferably cored out in the web 23 between the pump 0 linders which comprises the top of the suction chambers, Fi s, 4, 5 and 8. These conduits are designed so as to provide within a limited area the particular system of connections between the various air chambers and explosin chambers. The suction valves 19 are of the pup et-cage type and are each removably securec in that portion of the web 23 between the suction chamber 20 and each air-carrying conduit. To permit of access to the valves, hand holes are provided in the web directly over the valves and these are closed by covers 24. Each cover is rovided 25 which limits the extent to which the va e is capable of open H may be admitted in 'the orm of vapor, or anication therethroug valve casing 27 and a by-pass puppet valve 28 having a stem guided in the casing, and is.

i shaft, Fig. 5.

ing, and thereby relieves excessive tension upon the valve spring.

As shown Fig. {i the passages 16 which lead tothe fuel-admission ports are by-passes communicating with the air-carrying conduits. A mechanically -'operated valve is provided in each byass to control commu- This consists of a sprin -actuated as usual. Each ex losion cylinderis recessed at the outer on of its passa e16 to receive the casing which-is remova ly bolted in place. The function of these by-passes or passages 16- is to provide meansfor utilizing a portion of each aircharge for contributing to inject the fuel ,charge into the explosion chamben To accomplish-this the fuel charge must be ad-,'

mitted 'into the passage during the time the by-passed portion of. the air charge is pumped through the. assage. The fuel li uid depending upon the degree of volata bility thereof to vaporize While entraining with' the air in passing to the explosion chamber. As to the'manner of admitting the fuel charge, a fuel-inlet valve may be provided to open'into each by-pass whereby. the fuel can be admitted thereto simultane ously, or substantially so, with the-openi'n I of the by-pass valve 28, so 'thatthe fuelan by-passed air may issue together into'the explosion chamberl Inthe preferred arrangement, however, the by'pa ss valve 28. poss'esses the additional function of admitting the fuel charge. For this purpose the valve seat is provided with a fuel port 29, Fig: 4, which connects with a suitable fuel su ply system as will .be hereinafter descri ed.

Thus, as the by-pass valve opens to permit air to pass, it also uncovers'the fuel-admission portto permit the fuel charge toinject into the by-pass'at the same time.

These byass valves are actuated from a secondary s aft 30 by means of cams 31.

A The secondary shaft is suitably mounted in a cam casing 32 which is mounted on the airsuction chamber 20 in superimposed position and supported on brackets 33, Figs. 3 and 4.

The secondary shaft is driven from the-crank shaft through an intermediate shaft34 and intermeshing bevel gears 35 at' 'the ends thereof and on the crank shaft and secondary The by-pass valves of each pair of cylinders are disposed opposite each other in symmetrical arrangement relatively to the secondary or cam shaft, Fig. 6. are disposed around the secondary-shaft at 90 degrees.

' stems of theby-pass valves are valve tappets ZG Qwhich extend through thewalls of the camcasing and are mounted in bosses 36.

One of the cams for each pair of valvesalines The earns 31 Intermediate the cams andwith the respective valve stem, whereas the other cam is off-set relatively to its valve.

stem and the ta pet therefor is correspondingly off-set. ach off-set tappet is operatively related to its valve stem by means of a automatic, as by a speed governor, or man-. ual, as by an o crating lever, slmilar to launch or automo ilevwork. To this end the cams are formed with their workingportions diminishing in one direction and are carried on a sleeve 38 slidably keyed on the secondary shaft in the cam chamber. The front end of the cam sleeve extends through the casing in suitable bearings and connects with, a fly1-" .ball governor 39 secured on an extension of the secondary shaft. The sleeve revolves with the shaft and governor by means of its rigid connection with the sliding collar 40, of

the governor. Upon variation in speed of the engine, the governor responds thereto and varies the position of the cams relatively to the tappets so thatthe period of lift of the j 'by-pass or fuel admission valves may be regulated according to the quantity of fuel needed to produce explosive charges that have the necessary energy to maintain steady speed. i v Considering the cycle of operation of the engine as thus far described, reference is had to Fig. 4 of the drawing, in connection with the following explanation: According to the 'stage,|in the cycle as shown by the position of the pistons, the explosion chamber D has just been scavenged of the burned gases I and contains a charge of pure air, with the exhaust and air-admission ports covered .by the piston which is on itsreturn'or compression stroke, and the fuel-admission or bypass valve is -held in open position by the cam-actuatinghieans, as the fuel charge is injected into ,the chamber by the by assed discharging through the air-carrying conduit a Figs. 4 and 8. In the ex losion chamber C, the pliston is approximate y at dead center with t.

scavenging chargerof air being delivered intoe. exhaust. ports uncovered, and a I charge of air from the air chamber a w ichis the chamber through the air-carrying conduit d and uncovered air-admission ports for expelling the spent gases of explosion, the byass valve is as yet closed to prevent the fuel charge from injecting prematurely or before closure of the exhaust ports; the air chamber 0 has filled with air onthe for- Ward or suction stroke of the piston" and is about tOdGllVGI its contents to the explosion 70 lever 37; This lattermember 1s hinged on'- the cam casing and is supported in operative chamber B through the air-carrying conduit as the piston returns on its inward or compressionstroke. As the piston in the explosion chamber B is 180 degrees displaced 5 relatively to the. piston of chamber D, the former is in a corresponding position to the latter but explosion has taken place and it is working on its power stroke; in this case the chamber 1) is taking in a charge of air through the air-carrying conduit b and its suction valve 19 from the suction chamber 20. Also, the piston in the explosion chamber A is approximately at its inner dead center, where compression of the explosive mixis about to occur, and the air chamber a is in the final stage of delivering air through the by-pass leading to the air chamber D. The sequence of the engine as to the occurrence of explosions, taking the pistons in the position shown, is in the following order: explosion of the mixture has just occurred in B, which is followed consecutively by A, D, C, B, A, etc. and as to the air charges, the air chamber it delivers to the explosion chamber D,dto(,ctoB,qtoA,atoD,etc.

The air pumps are so proportioned that by their displacement each is capable of furnishing air in sufficient quantity to scavenge its respective explosion cylinder, and also to provide an excess of air for by-passing into the explosion chamber with the fuel charge. As the fuel admission ports of the explosion chambers are covered by the power pistons, it is necessary to have the pump pistons so related to the power pistons that the delivery of the by-passing portions of the air charges occurs slightly before or substantially at the time the power pistons begin to cover said ports. It will be noted that to carry out this scheme, each airchamber is connected with a definite explosion chamber of which the pistonshold such relation to each other that as the pump piston is delivering its charge the power piston is at or about passing through the forward dead center, or when the exhaust ports or fuel-admission and airadmission ports are uncovered.

A'characteristic feature to be noted in connection with the engliie operating on the present cycle is that of admitting the vapor fuel into the explosion chamber against a certain pressure which is due to the state of com ression. of the contents of the chamber inci( cut to the initial part of the compression stroke of the piston. This is not the case in ordinary two-cycle practice wherein the fuel is admitted at substantially atmospheric pressure.

'In order to overcome this internal pressure of the ex losion chamber the full charge must be a mitted at a relatively higher pres- .sure, and also for the further reason that the fuel-admission L tsare uncovered for an ap- 6i mreciably less time than when they are arture in the chamber has ceased and ignition ranged at or adjacent to the forward dead center, where the movement of the piston is relatively slower, the fuel charge must be injected at a higher s eed in order that sufficient fuel can enter efore the ports are covered, to roduce the proper explosion'mixture in tie chamber. Therefore, the vaporizer best adapted to meet this condition is one that can furnish vapor at a comparatively high and substantially constant .pressure. The vaporizer shown herewith is of this kind and consists of a flasher type of vapor generator capable of producing vapor in superheated state and at any desired pre'ssure. It is especially designe for the vaporization of such of the heavy liquid fuels as kerosene. The su plyof fuel to the vaporizer is maintainer at a substantially con stant rate in definite quantity relatively to the vapor generating capacity of the vaporizer for producing suflicient vapor to meet the maximum demand of the engine. The waste gases of explosion areutilized for heating the vaporizer and a heating system in ,this connection is provided in which cornplete control of the temperature is rendered ossible; As the demand for fuel varies rom time to time according to load conditions the generating capacity of the vaporizer remains unaffected but means are provided to relieve vapor from the vaporizer as the va or tends to rise above normal and thereby. 318 vapor is maintained in normal condition. The relieved vapor is preferably by-passed back to its source and in transit it passes through a condensing device to change it to li uid state before delivering into the fuel tafik.

Referring particularly to Figs. 4 and 5, the 'vaporizer comprises, in general. terms, a

heater 41, a vaporizing or flashin coil 42, a superheating chamber 43, vaporuel supply pipes 44 between the latter and by-pass va ves 28, and a vaporpressure-controlled bypass or relief device 45 hereinafter to be exp ained.

The heater 42 is superimposed centrally between the cylinders of the engine. This is a hollow cylindrical body having removable heads 46 at its ends and is inclosed in a heat non-conducting jacket 47, as of, asbestos. The ends of the heater are connected with the exhaust chambers of the cylinders by exhaust pipes 48. These pipes are also covered with asbestos and their upper ends 120 I open into the heads of the heater. The exhaust chambers of each pair of cylinders on opposite sides of the heater are in open communication with each other through aT-connection 49, and from each of these connec- 125 tions a relief exhaust pipe 50 leads into the atmosphere, Figs. 2 and 3, and each T-connection 49 contains a three-wa valve 51, Figs. 4, 11, and 12, by manipulation of which the exhaust gases may be caused to pass 25 latter not being shown).

' either through the exhaust pipes 48 to the heater at bothjends thereof or at. one-end only, with a portion of the gases passing through the exhaust pipes 50, or the entire gases may pass through the latter pipes and the heater be cut out of'service, as for instance when the heat becomesexcessively with an outlet or discharge pipe 52 in which is provided a damper 53 by means of which latter the discharge of gases into and through the heater and'the exhaust pipe 52 connected therewith, Fig; 5, is prevented. As shown in Figs. 11 and 12, the ports 54 in the plug 55 of the three-way valve are placed in the position whereby the exhaust gases can escape through the exhaust pipes 50. These valves may be hand-operated or mechanically operated, and for the latter purpose the stem of the valve is provided with a sprocket 56, which is intended to be geared to any suitable mechanism for actuatingthe valve (the Within the heater the superheatingchamber 43 is arranged, extending longitudinally and concentrically thereof, and is cast integral with the heater by means of connecting webs 57 located about centrally of the heater, Figs. 4 and 5. The vaporizing or-flashing coil 42 hereinbefore mentioned is formed as a helix on the front half of thesuperheating chamber, and from the inner end of its helical portion the coil extends to the rear end of the chamber with which it communicates to discharge the kerosene vapor;,the reto for superheating. The superheating fcha'mber is closed at its ends with heads 58and the rear head is provided with an angular extension 59, having a passage-60 therethrough leading to the interior of the chamber and with which the rear end of the vaporizing coil connects. The connection between the extension and vaporizing coil is made. by means of'a differential nut 61 and access to the connection is had through a hand hole 62 in the wall of the heater, which is closed by a cover plate 63, Fig. 5. .At the inner end of the passage a spraying nozzle 64 is secured, and a needle or spindle 65 is provided whereby the quantity of vapor discharging into the superheating chamber may be regulated when desired. The spindle is mounted, in the rear head of I the heater and on its outer end carries a hand ssaasa heating chamber with a liquid fuel supply pipe 671 The fuel supply system comprises 'a fuel tank68 for kerosene, a force pump and the supply pipe 69. of the pumpmay be varied by adjusting the stroke of the piston in an obvious manner, so

The effective discharge that the quantity of fuel supplied to the vap- I orizer maybe suitably proportioned to the vaporizing capacity determined upon form As the normal operation of the vaporizer. vaporizer is of the flasher type, the supply of fuel must bear a definite relation to its flashing capacity so as not to exceed that limit,

otherwise there would result a flushing of the vaporizer with liquid fuel. By reason of the large effective heating area of the superheating chamber, and the temperature to which it is subjected, the vapor which discharges into the same from the vaporizing orflashing coil becomes superheatedand raised to the desired pressure. The vapor fuel in the su-. perheating chamber is unmixed with air and is therefore non-explosive and the fuel,

and superheating chamber, Figs. 4 and 5,

and the vapor fuel is supplied to the explosion chamber as the by-pass valves 28 are opened. The vapor ressure in the vaporizer must be'sufficiently igh so that in'addition to the pressure of the by-passed air charge, the combined pressures will exceed the pres sure that will have been attained in the explosion chambers while the pistons work on the compression stroke the distance between the exhaust orts and full-admission ports, which may e termed the initial stage of compression. At normal operation the pressure best adapted to this condition is approximately 10 ounds per square inch. in each vapor fuel supply pipe 44 a shut-off valve-71 is provided whereby any-one or more explosive chambers may be cut out of service by shutting off the supply of vapor fuel thereto. 1

I The vaporizer is adapted to generate vapbr in such quantity as to amplyisupply the maximum demand that is likely to be made at overload of the engine, whereas at normal load this quantity is in excess of the demand so that there exists asurplus of vapor under these conditions. As the generation of vapor is practically at, a constant ratefthis surplus would tend to-store up in. the vapo rizer and raise the pressure therein. For this purpose the vaporizer is piovid'edwith a by-pa'ss excess of fuel is returned to the latter. This is controlled by a relief valve which is scnsi tive to pressure variation in the vaporizer,

eading to the source of fuel and the and according to any changes in the pressure the valve responds thereto, either closing or 0 ening the by-pass as the case may demand, t us acting as a throttle in the by-pass. To this extent the by-pass valve is automatic in its regulation by vapor-pressure influences.

At certain times, however, this is not sufficiently responsive to effect close regulation of the engine, as would be ,required in special cases of work, as in electric lighting systems.

There exists an appreciable lag in the action of the relief valve to follow the variation of the engine speed, as the va or pressure does not change quickly enough To overcome this the valve must be positively actuated,

quick to respond to every perceptible change of the engine speed. Thus, for instance, an overload on the engine tends to decrease the speed, the governor is immediately thrown into operation, prolonging the cut-off to admit larger fuel charges and simultaneously the governor is adapted to actuate the relief valve, immediately closing the same to pre sure of the vapor is substantially constant,'

. and under variation in load the pressure changes to meet these new conditions.

The following is a description of the mechanism for accom lishin the above method ofregulation. he relief device 45 comprises a pressure-actuated valve situated in a y-pass connection or pipe 73 connected with a passage 78 in the lower web 57 at the bottom of thesuperheating chamber and with the fuel tank 68, Figs. 4 and 5. The re lief valve embodies a pressure chamber 74, a diaphragm 75, a stem dr needle 76 carried thereby, and an adjustable spring 77 impinging u on the upper side of the diaphragm, 1g. 5. The lower part of the pres A sure chamber communicates with the interior of the sufperheating chamber through the passage 0 one of the upper webs 57 and a pipe connection 79, Figs. 1, 2 and 4. The diaphragm is thus subjected to the vapor tension of the superheating chamber, and the .adjustable spring 77 is so set that the valve stem or needle 76 is balanced suitably above the seat to permit a definite excess of vapor to'discharge through the by-pass. Should the pressure of the vapor tend ,to vary for any reason the valve will act automatically to correct the variation and maintain the ressure constant. The vapor thatis reieved-through the relief valve passes through a condenser 80 which is arranged in circuit with the byass connection 73, shown diagrammatical y in Fig. 4, so as to deliver the excess kerosene vapor in liquid state to the fuel tank.

For the positive actuation of the relief valve connection between the governor and the valve spring is provided so that tension of the spring varies according to the action of the governor. Bearing upon the spring 77 which impinges upon the diaphragm is afollower 81, suitably guided in the pressure chamber, Fig.5, and connected with the follower is a rod 82 which projects through the wall of the chamber to afford connection with the intermediate means attached to the governor. This means comprises hinged levers 83 and 84 fulcrumed on the engine at suitable points or respectively on the pressure chamber and heater of the vaporizer, as shown. The, upper end of lever 83 is formed with an eye 85, through which passes the rod S2 and held therein by means of adjustable nuts 86 on the rod which engage with the eye. This construction permits of the desired tension'to be set on the spring by adjusting the nuts. The ower lever is bifurcated at .its lower end and the extremities thereof engage in an annular groove 87 in the sliding collar 40 of the governor. By this arrangement any variation in the engine speed to which the governor responds is caused to be transmitted to the follower through the levers, and the follower in turn acts upon the spring to the end that greater or less tension is placed upon the diaphragm and the relief valve is correspondingly regulated.

In order to start the engine either of two methods may be employed. The first of these depends upon the vaporizer, that is the vaporizing coil and superheating chamber, being heated as by a torch to the proper temperature preparatory to supplying kerosene thereto and before the engine is started. In-

this manner the engine is in condition to start on kerosene vapor. In the second method the engine is started independently 1 of the kerosene vaporizer, as the vapor mixture is derived from a different source. An auxiliary gasolene vaporizer or carbureter is employed to supply the explosive mixture to .the engine during this starting period and the generation, according to the first, one of the exhaust pipes 48 is provided with an opening adjacent to the front end of the heater through which the flame of a starting torch may be introduced to impinge upon the vaporizing coil and superheating chamber.

As shown in Figs. 2- and 3, a removable cover 88 is adapted to be secured over this opening and prevents the escape of exhaust gases therefrom after starting. In carrying out the second method, connection may be provided with a gasolene supply and carbureting system (not shown) which supplies the explo- 10' sive mixture to the air-suctionchamber 20 of the engine through the suction pipe 89, Fig.

5. According to this method theair system for the scavenging operation is forthe time interrupted as the suction of mixture takes the place of the air supply. Under these conditions,the engine operates practically on the ordinary two-cycle principle, as to scav. enging with the explosive charges. the kerosene vaporizer has been sufficiently After heated by theexhaustgases and .vapor generation commenced, the gasolene mixture is cut off andthe air system thus becomes re' of the piston after a In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, 1 have described the princi ple of-operation of invention together with theapparatus which I now consider to be they best embodiment thereof; but I- desire to have it understood that the apparatus is only illustrative and that the invention can be carried out by other means.

i What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is,

1. In an explosive engine, the combin ation with an explosion cylinder provided with exhaust and admission ports, and a power piston'in the cylinder covering and uncoveringv said ports, of nieansfor injecting a scavenging charge at substantially.atm'ospheric pressure into the cylinder, through certaln of the admission ports and means forinjecting a charge of fuel into the cylinder through other admission ports substantially in continuity with the scavenging charge and at a definite point in the compression stroke closure of the exhaust ports. v

2. In an explosive engine, the combination with an explosidn cylinder having exnecting the pump with the air-admission haust and admission orts in its walls, and a working piston 'in t e cylinder controlling said ports, of means for injecting air at substantially atmospheric pressure through certain of the admission ports into the cylinder to scavenge 'the'same, and means for injecting a charge of vaporized and superheated fuel through the other admission ports jectingfuel into the by-pass.

into the cylinder subsequentlyto the closure of the exhaust ports.

- 3. In an explosiveengine, the combina tion with a cylinder provided with exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, and a power piston controlling said ports, of an air pump, means connecting the pump with the admission ports for delivering successively a part of the charge of air to the cylinder through the air-admission ports and the remaining part of the charge throughthe fuel-admission ports, and means for injecting fuel into the air delivering through the -fueladmission ports.

4. In an explosive engine, the combination With a cylinder provided with exhaust ports and two sets of'admission ports forair and fuel, and a ower piston working in the cylinder and a apte'd to cover anduncover said ports, of an air pump, conduits connected with the two sets of admission ports which 111g conduit extending from the pump to t e separate air-and fuel-admission ports, and

means for injecting ,fuel intothe branch of the conduit leading to the fuel-admission ports.

6. In an explosion engine, the combination with a cylinder having exhaust ports,

air admission and fuel-admission ports, and a piston controlling saidports, of an air pump,- an air-carrying conduit extending from the pump to the air-admission ports, a controlled I y-pass between the conduit and fuel-admission ports for permitting air to discharge therethrough subsequently to the closure of the air-admission ports, and means for in- 7. In an explosion englne, the combination with acylinder havin'g exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, anda piston working in the cylinder and adapted to c'over and uncover said ports, of an airpump, an air-carrying conduit conports, a by-pass between the conduit and fuel-admission ports, a valve in the by-pass' controlling the delivery of the air there through, and means for injecting fuel into the by-pas's during the delivery of air through the latter.

8. In an explosion engine, the combina- 45 crank-shaft and piston connection there- "thenonduit to the-fee valve in theb'yass controllin the adniis---of the said the admission of fuel into the latter and the delivery of airtherethrough, and means opention with a cylinder provided with exhaust means for by-passing a .sion ports, a piston. controlling said ports, a

tionfwith a cylinder'having exhaust ports, air-admission ports and'fuel-admission ports, and a (piston Working in the cylinder and adapts to cover and uncover said ports, of an air pump), an air-carrying conduit communicatmg etween the air chamber of the pump and air-admission ports, a byass extending from the. conduit to the fue -admission ports, a valve in the by-pass controlling ing said valve during a efirite stage in the compression stroke of the piston in res ect to the relative position of the latter to t e admission ports.

9. In an ex losion engine, the combination with a cy inder having exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, and a piston operating to cover and uncover said ports, of a source of air, an airscarrying passage extending from the air source to the air-admission ports, a by-pass connecting the air-carrying passage with the fuel-admission ports, a valve in the by-pass permitting fue and air to pass simultaneously through the by-pass to the cylinder, and means for actuating the valve periodically and ca able of variable action as to the lift of the v ve.

1-0. In an, ex losion engine, the combination with a cy inder having exhaust ports, air-admission ports, and fuel-admission ports, and a piston operating to coverand uncover said ports, of an air pum-p, -an air-carrying conduitponnecting the pump with the airadmission ports, a byass extending-from ission ports, a

sion of fuelito t e same, and t e discharge of air therethroughflind an automatic variable cut-ofl' mechanism operating the valve 11. Inan explosive engine, the combinaports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, a piston controlling said ports, a

with, of an aiLpump operatively connected with the crank-shaftand adapted to deliver differentially its charge to the cylinder for scaveri in the same and for injecting with the fuel c liarge, a conduit extending from the air pump and communicating with the cylinder through the air-admission ports, ortion of the air charge through the fuela( mission ports, and means for injecting fuel in the by-passing means.

'12. In an explosion engine, the combination with a cylinder provided with exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admiscrank -shaft and piston connection therewith, of an air pump operatively connected with the crank-shaft and adapted to transfer its charge to the cylinder, an air-carrying conof air therethrough upon or substantially in immediate succession to the closure of the 7 air-admission ports, and means injecting a charge of fuel into the byass simultaneously with the passage of air t rough the same.

13. In an explosiveengine, the combination with a cylinder provided with exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, 'a piston covering and uncovering said ports, a crank-shaft and piston connection therewith, of an air pump operated by the crank-shaft and adapted to deliver its 30 charge during the uncovering of the ports at a minimum ofnb'ack pressure, an air-carrying conduit supplying air to the cylinder from the pump, a controlled by-passpermitting periodical communication between the conduit'and cylinder whereby air asses from the former to the latter within t e intervals between the uncovering and covering of the orts by the piston, and means for in ecting uel intothe by-pass upon said communication being established.

14. In an explosive engine, the combination with a cylinder provided with exhaust ports, air-admission orts and fuel-admis sion ports, a power plston adapted'to cover 5 and uncover said orts, a crank and piston connection therewith, of an air pump directly connected with the crank-shaft which furnishes sufiicient air to scavenge the cylinder, and means for'transferring the charge of the pump to the cylinder during the period between the uncovering and covering so that the pump delivers at substantialy atmospheric pressure.

15. In an explosive engine, the combin'a- 05 tion with a cylinder provided with exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, a power piston ada ted, to cover and uncover said ports, a cran and piston connection therewith, of an airpump directly connected with the crank, a connection through which the char e of the pump is delivered to the cylinder uring the period between the uncovering and covering of said ports and at substantially constant atmos- 5 pheric pressure, and means for by-passing a portion of the air charge from the pump into the cylinder through the fuel admission ports and also for injecting fuel into the cyl inder in conjunction with the by-passed por- 0 tion of the air'.

16. In an explosive en ine, the combination with a cylinder provi ed with exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, a piston in the cylinder adapted to uncover said ports during the relatively slow speed of the piston while passin through its forward dead center, and a cran shaft connected with the piston, of a reciprocating air pump connected with the cran I shaft and having its discharge secess on cident with the period of uncovering and covering of said ports, means connectin the pump and cylinder through the air a misair at substan tially uniform atmospheric pressure from sion ports for the transfer of the former to the latter for scavenging, and

means for injectin a fuel charge into the cylinder through t e'fuel admission ports subsequent to the closure of the exhaust ports. 1

17. In an explosive engine, the combination with a plurality of explosion cylinders each having exhaust ports, airand fuel-admission'ports, and power pistons in the cylthe ports to uncover and y at or about the forward pistons, of a plurality of air, pistons therefor, air

inders controllin cover substantiafl dead center of the pump cylinders for carrying conduits each coupling a pump cylinder with an explosive cylinder, a crankshaft, piston connections therewith whereby the pump pistons operate to transfer their air charges at substantially atmospheric ressure-to the cylinders during the period -between the uncovering and covering of the exhaust and admission ports by the power pistons, and means for injecting fuel into the explosion cylinders; a.

18 In an explosive engine, the combination with a plurality of explosion cylinders each having exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, and power I plstons in the cylinders vcontrolling the ports to uncover and cover substantially at or about therdead tion with a plurality of explosioncylinders) each having exhaust ports, air-admission ports, fuel-admission ports, and ower pistons in the cylinders controlling tl ie ports to cover and uncover the same, of a plurality of pumpcylinders for air, pistons therefor, aircarrying conduits each connecting a pump cylinder with an-explosive cylinder for the suction of air to the former and the delivery thereof to the latter cylinder, an air-suction chamber common to all the pump cylinders through the air carrying conduits, automatic means controlling the suction of air therefrom through the conduits, a crank shaft, piston connections with the crankshaft whereby the pump pistons operate to see-ps2 j transfer their charges of air to the'explosion cylinders at the time the admission orts remain open, and means for injecting uel into the explosion cylinders.

' 20. In an explosive engine, the combination with a plurality of explosion cylinders each haviniexhaust ports, air-admission ports and mission ports, andpowerpistons in the I fuel-a cylinders controlling the ports touncover and cover the -same, of a plurality of pump cylin ders for air, pistons therefor, air-carrying conduits each connectin 'a pump cylinder with an explosion cylinder or the suction of air into the former and the delivery thereof to the latter cylinder, an air-suction chamber inl c'ommon communication with the pump cylinders through the air-carrying conduits, automatic means controlling the suction of air from-the chamber, means for effectingthe delivery, of air from the pump cylinder intothe explosion cylinder through the air-carrying conduits and admission ports, and means injectingfuel into the explosion cylinder with a pertionof the air'delivered through the air-car rying conduits.

tionwith a pluralityof explosion cylinders each having exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, and power pistons in the cylinderscontrolling the ports to uncover and cover the same, of a plurality of pump cylinders for air, pistons-therefor, air carrying conduits each connecting a pump cylinder with each explosion cylinder or the suction of air into the former and the 5 1"9 21. In an explosion engine, the combine delivery thereof to the latter cylinder, an air- I suction chamber in commoncommunication with the air-carrying conduits, automatically actuated valves between said conduitsand suction chamber, means controlling the intake of air into the suction chamber, means connecting the pump pistons in cooperative relation with the power pistons to effect the transfer of air to the explosion cylinders durin the period the power pistons uncover the a mission ports, and means for injecting fuel into the cylinders. 3

22. In an explosive engine, the combination with an explosion cylinder having exhaust ports, air-admission ports and fuel-admission ports, a power piston controlling said ports to uncover and cover the same, of a pump cylinder and piston therefor, an aircarryin conduit connecting the ump cylinder wit the explosive cylin er for the suction of air into the former and the discharge thereof into the latter cylinder, an I automatically operated, valve controlling the passage of air. from the conduit to one set piston uncovers the admission ports, and

means for injecting fuel into the cylinder.

7 the exp conduits during the uncoverin 23. In an ex losive engine, the combination of a plura ity of differential cylinders and istons forming explosion chambers and air 0 ambers, exhaust ports and admission orts for the explosion chambers controlled y the working pistons, independent aircarrying conduits each connecting a pump chamber of one cylinder with the admission ports of the explosion chamber of another of said cylinders, a crank-shaft, piston connections therewith connecting the pistons in cooperative relation for permitting the trans fer of air from the air chambers to the explosion chambers through their respective connecting conduits durin the uncovering of the admission ports, an means for injecting fuel into the explosion chamber.

24. In an explosion engine, the combination of a plurality of differential cylinders each rovidin separate explosion and air cham ers, di erential ders, exhaust ports an admission ports for the explosion chambers covered and uncovered by' the working pistons, air-carrying conduits'each connecting. a pump chamber of one o linder with tlie admission ports of fosion chamber of another of said cylinders, means operatively relating the pistons to each other to permit the transfer of air from the air chambers to the explosion chambers through their respective connectof the ission ports, and means for injecting fuel into the explosion chambers.

25. In an explosive, engine, the combination of rightangularly disposed differential cylinders each comprising an explosion chamber and an air chamber, exhaust and admission ports in the explosion chambers, air carrying conduits each extending between the air chamber of one cylinder and the explosion' chamber of another cylinder for admitting air to the former chamber and also delivering it from said air chamber to the explosion chamber, pistons working in the chambers and ada ted to cover and uncover said ports, a'cranlE-shaft, means connecting the pistons with the crank-shaft in cooperative relation to ermit the transfer of air from theair cham ers to the explosion chambers through said air-carrying conduits during the uncovering of the admission ports, and means for injecting fuel into the explosion chamber.

26. In a two-cycle explosive engine, the combination of right angularly disposed differential cylinders arranged in pairs side by side in parallel planes, differential pistons each cooperatingwvitlbitsrespective cylinders to provide an explosion chamber and an with said explosion chambers and controlled Cpistons in the cylin-- same, air-carryin conduits each extending between the air-a mission ports of the explosion chamber of one cylinderand the air chamber of another cyhnder, a by-pass between the fuel-admission ports of each cylinder and the air-carrying conduit leading to the latter, means in each by-pass for controlling the transfer of air therethrough and for injecting fuel with the air, a crank-shaft having crank-pins diametrically disposed and equal in number to the pairs of pistons, and piston rods-connecting each pair of pistons .with a single crank-pin.

27. In an explosive engine, the combination of right angularly disposed explosion cylinders arranged in pairs in parallel planes, admission ports and passages in the explosion cylinders, pum cylinders alining with the explosion cylin ers, a suction chamber,

sald pumpcylinders and suction chamber comprising an integral casting, conduits formed in the top of the suction chamber to provide communication between the ump c linders and suction chamber and between the pump cylinders and explosion cylinders through the admission orts and passages, automatic valves contro ling the communication between the suction chamber and pump cylinders, means controlling the intake of air into the suction chamber, and pistons operating in the cylinders.

28. In an explosive engine, the combina tion of a lurality of explosive cylinders, airumpcy inders alining therewith and diferent in diameter from the explosion cylin- 'ders, an air-suction chamber, said pump cylinders and suction chamber comprising an inte ral casting, air-carrying conduits provide in said casting and affording communication between the pump cylinders and ex losive cylinders, automatically-actuated val ves between the suction chamber and conduits, an adjustable valve controlling the inlet of air into the suction chamber, and (differential pistons operating in said cyliners.

29. In an explosion engine, the combination of a lurality of explosion cylinders, airpump cy inders-' alining therewith, an airsuction chamber common to all the ump cylinders, said pump cylinders and chamber comprising an integral casting, conduits formed in the casting to provide communication between the air-pump cyIinder S and suction chamber and between the airump cylinders and explosion cylinders, an pistons o erating in the cylinders.

30. n a two-cycle explosive engine, the combination of an ex lOSlOIl cylinder having a closed head and exfiaust ports at the open forward end thereof, a single piston therein controllingby its movements the exhaust ports, air-admissionports separate from said exhaust ports and also controlled by the pisexhaust ports.

i into the cylinder'charges of scavenging cent the forward end of the cylinder for mton to admit a char e of scavenging air into the cylinder at SuIJstantiaH atmos heric pressure during a portion of t e time t e exhaust orts remain 0 en, and fuel-admission ports or admitting uel into the cylinder 'in successive order to the admission of the air charge and subsequently to the closure of the 31. In a two-cycle explosive engine, the combination of an explosion cylinder having a closedhead and exhaust ports at the open forward end thereof, a power piston' therein controlling by its movement the exhaust orts, a conduit opening into the cylinder adpacent the exhaust ports and also controlled y the piston which discharges towards the cylinder head for injecting a charge of scavenging air after the exhaust ports open, and a valved conduit leading to an opening adjajecting a charge of va or fuel into the same subsequently to the c osure of the exhaust and directin the course of the fuel charge toward the c osed head for agitating and mixingwith the air charge in the cylinder.

32. In a two-cycle explosive engine, the combination; of an explosion cylinder having exhaust ports at the forward end thereof, a power piston controlling said ports, means at the exhaust end'of the cylinder for injecting air at substantiallyatmospheric pressure, and means for injecting charges of vapor fuel'at a relatively higher pressure after the exhaust ports have been closed.

33. In a two-cycle explosive engine, the combination with a shaft, a power cylinder and piston, of means shaft which receives air for scavenging at at- 1 mospheric ressure and introduces it direct y into t e cylinder without compressing the closure of t e exhaust ports.

driven by the engine it, and means for injecting a charge of vapor fuel under pressure into the cylinder subsequent to scavenging and durin that portion of thecompressi'on stroke of t e piston following the closing of the exhaust ports.

34. In a two-cycle explosive engine, the combination with a shaft, a power cylinder and piston, of means driven from the'engine shaft which receives air for scavenging at at moslpheric rect y into t it, and means por fuel under ressure into the cylinder after e cylinder without compressing '35. In an ex losive engm'a'uis combination of a cylin er having exhaust ports and separate fuel and air ports at its forward end,

said orts to open and close them, means for supp ying air to the air "ports while the exhaust ports are open an also for supplying for intro'ducinga charge of va-- ressure and introduces it dia piston in the cylinder which moves over air for the fuel charge, and a carbureting device receiving air from said supplying means and delivering its fuel charge to the fuel ports after the exhaust ports are closed. 1

36. In an ex tion with a cylinder provided with exhaust ports, air admission ports, fuel admission ports, and a power piston controlling said ports, of a car ureting/ device, anair pum means connectin the pump with the air a mission ports an saiddevice for delivering a part of ts charge of air to the air ports and then the remaining part of the charge to the carbureting device, and a connection from said device to the fuel ports.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this second day of November, 1903.

- HENRY O, WESTENDARP.

. Witnesses:

DUGALD-MOK. MGKILLOP, JOHN A. MOMANUS.

losive engine, the combina- 

